Microsoft Wikipedia. Microsoft Corporation ,67 abbreviated as MS is an American multinationaltechnology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington. It develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Officesuite, and the Internet Explorer and Edgeweb browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xboxvideo game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup. As of 2. 01. 6, it is the worlds largest software maker by revenue,8 and one of the worlds most valuable companies. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4, 1. BASICinterpreters for the Altair 8. It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS DOS in the mid 1. Microsoft Windows. The companys 1. 98. IPO, and subsequent rise in its share price, created three billionaires and an estimated 1. Microsoft employees. Since the 1. 99. 0s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitionstheir largest being the acquisition of Linked. In for 2. 6. 2 billion in December 2. Skype Technologies for 8. May 2. 01. 1. 1. 2As of 2. Microsoft is market dominant in the IBM PC compatible operating system market and the office software suite market, although it has lost the majority of the overall operating system market to Android. The company also produces a wide range of other consumer and enterprise software for desktops and servers, including Internet search with Bing, the digital services market through MSN, mixed reality Holo. Lens, cloud computing Azure and software development Visual Studio. Steve Ballmer replaced Gates as CEO in 2. This began with the acquisition of Danger Inc. June 2. 01. 2 with the launch of the Microsoft Surface line of tablet computers and later forming Microsoft Mobile through the acquisition of Nokias devices and services division. Since Satya Nadella took over as CEO in 2. Microsoft Professional Program in Data Science. Careers in some of the most indemand technical fields require a new set of skills. We created the Microsoft. December 1. 99. 9. Contents. 1History. The founding of Microsoft. Windows and Office. Foray into the Web, Windows 9. Windows XP, and Xbox. Microsoft Azure, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Microsoft Stores. Windows 88. 1, Xbox One, Outlook. Surface devices. 1. Anti Termite Treatment Procedure Pdf. Windows 1. 0, Windows 1. Mobile, Microsoft Edge and Holo. How to Block a Program With Windows Firewall. This wikiHow teaches you how to prevent a program from accessing your Windows computer network by blocking it in Firewall. Logo systemu Interfejs uytkownika Producent Microsoft Architektura x86, x8664, ARM Pierwsze wydanie 20 listopada 1985 32 lat temu jako Windows 1. Ms Windows Logo Program' title='Ms Windows Logo Program' />If you dont want to face the steep learning curve of Adobe Photoshop but you still want to conjure up some imaging magic, you need to look elsewhere. Have you. Lens. 2Business units. Corporate affairs. Corporate identity. References. 6External links. History. 19. 721. The founding of Microsoft. Paul Allen and Bill Gates pose for the camera on October 1. PCs after signing a pivotal contract with IBM. Childhood friends Paul Allen and Bill Gates sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills in computer programming. In 1. 97. 2 they founded their first company, named Traf O Data, which sold a rudimentary computer to track and analyze automobile traffic data. While Gates enrolled at Harvard, Allen pursued a degree in computer science at Washington State University, though he later dropped out of school to work at Honeywell. The January 1. 97. Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss MITS Altair 8. Allen to suggest that they could program a BASICinterpreter for the device. After a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt yet have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter. Although they developed the interpreter on a simulator and not the actual device, it worked flawlessly when they in March 1. MITS in Albuquerque, New Mexico. MITS agreed to distribute it, marketing it as Altair BASIC. Gates and Allen officially established Microsoft on April 4, 1. Gates as the CEO. The original name of Micro Soft was suggested by Allen. In August 1. 97. 7 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, ASCII Microsoft. Microsoft moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1. Microsoft entered the operating system OS business in 1. Unix, called Xenix. However, it was MS DOS that solidified the companys dominance. After negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft in November 1. CPM OS, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CPM clone called 8. DOS from Seattle Computer Products, which it branded as MS DOS, though IBM rebranded it to PC DOS. Following the release of the IBM PC in August 1. Microsoft retained ownership of MS DOS. Since IBM had copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to reverse engineer it in order for non IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles, but no such restriction applied to the operating systems. Due to various factors, such as MS DOSs available software selection, Microsoft eventually became the leading PC operating systems vendor. The company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1. Microsoft Press. 1. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1. Hodgkins disease. Windows and Office. Windows 1. 0 was released on November 2. Microsoft Windows line. Querying Microsoft Sql Server 2014 Pdf. Despite having begun jointly developing a new operating system, OS2, with IBM in August 1. Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS DOS, on November 2. Microsoft moved its headquarters to Redmond on February 2. March 1. 3 went public,3. Microsoft employees. Microsoft released its version of OS2 to original equipment manufacturers OEMs on April 2, 1. In 1. 99. 0, due to the partnership with IBM, the Federal Trade Commission set its eye on Microsoft for possible collusion, marking the beginning of over a decade of legal clashes with the U. S. government. 3. Meanwhile, the company was at work on a 3. OS, Microsoft Windows NT, which was heavily based on their copy of the OS2 code. It shipped on July 2. Win. 32application programming interface API, making porting from 1. MS DOS based Windows easier. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS2 partnership deteriorated. In 1. 99. 0, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office. The suite bundled separate productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. On May 2. 2, Microsoft launched Windows 3. Intel 3. 86 processor. Both Office and Windows became dominant in their respective areas. On July 2. 7, 1. 99. U. S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division filed a Competitive Impact Statement that said, in part Beginning in 1. July 1. 5, 1. 99. Microsoft induced many OEMs to execute anti competitive per processor licenses. Under a per processor license, an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty for each computer it sells containing a particular microprocessor, whether the OEM sells the computer with a Microsoft operating system or a non Microsoft operating system. In effect, the royalty payment to Microsoft when no Microsoft product is being used acts as a penalty, or tax, on the OEMs use of a competing PC operating system. Since 1. 98. 8, Microsofts use of per processor licenses has increased. Foray into the Web, Windows 9. Windows XP, and Xbox. Microsoft released the first installment in the Xbox series of consoles in 2. The Xbox, graphically powerful compared to its rivals, featured a standard PCs 7. MHz Intel Pentium III processor. UEFI Secure Boot in Windows 8. Just as you need a battery to start a car from which the fuel power takes over, similarly you need a firmware to start the computer and bring it to a minimal functional state from which the operating system takes over. The firmware called BIOS is a first generation computer program in the processors assembly language which is executed by the processor to directly control the hardware. This provides the foundation for building. The core layer is an abstraction of the hardware components into software objects which are further developed through the layers into. Hardware Drivers, and finally coupled to a well defined User interface at the peripheral layer. Once this platform called. Operating System gets built, the complexity of the hardware and its IO functions are controlled by simple software commands from the User interface. The Operating System internally translate these commands into a string of low level instructions. Windows 8 has re engineered its boot method by adopting. UEFI Unified Extensible Firmware Interface as the new firmware standard while continuing to support the legacy BIOS Basic Input Output System firmware standard for machines with old hardware which are not UEFI compatible. UEFI brings in. newer features in the platform firmware alongwith a newer set of policies and specifications to comply with. Platform Firmware provides the first set of instructions that run when the computer is switched on. After the platform firmware finishes detecting hardware and initializes the system, it passes control to the Bootloader. Operating System OS. Platform Firmware is embedded in non volatile storage like programmable read only memory PROM or flash memory thats directly attached to a motherboard. Firmware also resides in hardware devices like video cards and. The BIOS firmware program in 1. MB addressable memory space in what is termed as. Real Mode. The function of the BIOS is transient during the boot process, after which the processors Real Mode 1. OS establishes an advanced platform structure called. Protected Mode utilising the 3. In protected mode, programs run on an OS rather than directly on the platform as in Real Mode. The OS interfaces with programs as. Real mode. The OS in effect emulates as a high performance. Protected Mode was phrased to imply that memory is protected from erroneous over write as is possible in Real Mode, where each program is free to. In the UEFI firmware, only the platform initialisation tasks are performed in Real Mode, after which the UEFI builds a rudimentary operating system on the platform to enable 6. Protected Mode for launching the subsequent boot. UEFI originally called EFI, was developed by Intel as a modern alternative to the PC BIOS. Now its supported by an industry consortium. UEFI in essence, is a light weight operating system, written primarily in C language, that. Being an operating system, UEFI interfaces the computer hardware as a virtual platform for running firmware programs. The primary function of the UEFI is to boot an operating system, but it can also be used to run pre OS utility. BIOS firmware was developed using assembly language for the earliest PCs in the 1. Although BIOS is still the most prevalent firmware type, it is limited to a 1. CPU AND one megabyte 1 MB of addressable memory space. A modern 3. 26. 4 bit processor has to emulate in 1. Real Mode in the BIOS platform as BIOS standards were developed for 1. A BIOS is the very first program that is executed once the system is switched on. The function of the BIOS program is to control the hardware platform till it identifies and executes the Bootloader program. The BIOS program has three phases Hardware Initialisation, attend to BIOS configuration change request if any by user, boot the Bootloader program from a Hard Drive Or boot into a maintenance environment from an Optical USB drive. The BIOS program is stored in a ROM which can be changed only by a BIOS Flash Update utility. The BIOS stores its hardware initialisation parameters, boot data and system date time in a CMOS chip which. BIOS configuration data. The CMOS chip is an ultra low current static RAM NVRAM powered by a coin cell CR2. The ROM acts as a storage device for firmware programs to reside in a passive state and gets activated when they are loaded copied into memory for execution by the processor. In the system initialisation. ROM and this ends with an instruction to copy the ROM codes into memory RAM. The BIOS program in RAM, Data in NVRAM, and all embedded memory locations in devices. BIOS subroutine, are consolidated by mapping them to a single memory address map to serve as an uniform logical memory structure for the entire system. The BIOS program use the logical memory address and the memory map serves. Device ROM or RAM. Normally the processor executes instructions sequentially from the logical memory. A memory reference in an instruction is used to access a subroutine. ROM Or transfer program control to another location in the RAM. The BIOS program had gone through numerous revisions with almost every new version of PC until it evolved into the UEFI. The following table tries to depict the typical memory utilisation of BIOS as it. When a system is switched on, the system memory RAM is empty and therefore the processor doesnt really have anything to execute. The processor is thus hard coded with the first instruction JMP FFFF0h. Jump JMP to the memory location FFFF0h mapped to the BIOS ROM to begin execution of the BIOS program. The first routine within the BIOS ROM performs the Power On Self Test POST and Hardware initialisation tasks. The system memory RAM is then initialised and loaded with the BIOS ROM program. This is. followed by a second Jump instruction to shift the program execution to a location in the RAM. This process is called Shadowing and is done because execution from RAM is much faster than from a ROM resulting in reduced boot time. The second jump instruction takes the processor to a part of the BIOS program now in RAM which identifies those devices which must be available for user IO and system RW operations keyboards, video. SATA storage controllers and Optical Disc Drives. Devices are accessed either by the memory address bus or by a dedicated IO bus consisting of device IO ports. These devices has a self contained driver program in a ROM called Option. ROM directly. attached to the device. Unendliche Geschichte Epub. The BIOS calls those Option. ROM driver programs subroutines to invoke the device functions. At this stage, the processor checks for an user control signal interrupt sent via the keyboard which sets a flag indicating a request for change of the BIOS Configuration. If the interrupt flag is found. BIOS executes the BIOS GUI program which allow an user to modify the BIOS configuration data from list options, and save it into the CMOS RAM. The PC restarts to load the latest changes in the BIOS configuration. The final phase of the BIOS program is to identify the Boot device from a list of boot devices, defined in descending order of priority in the boot configuration. The BIOS searches for the master boot. MBR in the first sector of each boot device Cylinder 0, Head 0, Sector 1, starting from the device at highest priority, and loads the first available MBR into memory location 0. C0. 0h. MBR contains three pieces of information  the master partition. BIOS transfers program control to the memory location 0.